The Caribbean Islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles

The Caribbean Islands of Greater and Lesser Antilles The Caribbean Sea is filled with tropical islands. They are popular tourist destinations and many people refer to the  Antilles  when speaking of certain islands in the archipelago. But what are the Antilles and what is the difference between the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles? The Antilles Are Part of the West Indies You probably know them as the Caribbean Islands. The small islands that scatter the waters between Central America and the Atlantic Ocean are also known as the West Indies. Trivia Time: The West Indies received its name  because Christopher Columbus thought he had reached the Pacific islands near Asia (known as the East Indies at the time) when he sailed west from Spain. Of course, he was famously mistaken, though the name has remained. Within this large collection of islands are three main groups: the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Bahamas include over 3,000 islands and reefs on the north and east side of the Caribbean Sea, beginning just off the coast of Florida. To the south are the islands of the Antilles. The name Antilles refers to a semi-mythical land called  Antilia  which can be found on many medieval maps. This was before Europeans traveled all the way across the Atlantic, but they did have an idea that some land was across the seas to the west, though it was often depicted as a large continent or island. When Columbus reached the West Indies, the name  Antilles was adopted for some of the islands. The Caribbean Sea is also known  as the Sea of the Antilles. What Are the Greater Antilles? The Greater Antilles are the four largest islands in the northwestern portion of the Caribbean Sea. This includes  Cuba, Hispaniola (the nations of  Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In total, the Greater Antilles make up almost 90% of the land in the West Indies.  Cuba is the largest single island in the Caribbean.During the colonial period, the island of Hispaniola was known as Santo Domingo, named for the capital city of what is now the Dominican Republic. What Are the Lesser Antilles? The Lesser Antilles include the smaller islands of the Caribbean to the south and east of the Great Antilles. It begins just off the coast of Puerto Rico with the British and U.S. Virgin Islands and extends south to Grenada. Trinidad and Tobago, just off the Venezuelan coast, are also included, as is the east-west chain of islands that stretches to Aruba. The Lesser Antilles are further divided into two groups: the  Windward Islands and the  Leeward Islands.Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao are known as the ABC islands and are territories of the Netherlands.A number of the Lesser Antilles islands are dependent on or territories of larger countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and France.

Whats coming in 2013 The Essay Experts New Years Ressaylutions

Whats coming in 2013 The Essay Experts New Years Ressaylutions The Essay Expert’s New Year’s Ressaylutions for 2013 Making New Year’s resolutions can be a great way to get things done. As you may have read in my August blog, New Year’s Resolutions in August , I completed my 2012 list of 6 resolutions even faster than expected: The Essay Expert’s website was updated (I still have an overhaul on my wish list). Processes for keeping in touch with clients have been streamlined with autoresponders and e-lists. We conducted our promised survey regarding The Essay Expert’s USP (Unique Selling Proposition). How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile was published on Kindle and is now coming up on its 5th edition. I haven’t missed a week in sending out either a blog article or a newsletter. Phew!! The one area where I didn’t completely meet my goal was in producing 212 success stories. We did have 114 successes reported though! Here’s what I’m creating for 2013: 1. Publish a Spanish-language version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. I have a meeting with some translators from a translators’ cooperative here in Madison next week and am excited to get this project on the road! 2. Publish a 50 Resume Tips book The book is currently under construction. There will be one version for job seekers and one version for resume writers. 3. Obtain a Master Resume Writer certification (CMRW) from Career Directors International. There are only 19 CMRWs in the US and a total of 27 worldwide. 4. Increase the college essay / personal statement portion of my business to 25% of total business. I love working with college and graduate school applicants on their admissions essays, and the name of my company is, after all, The Essay Expert. You can help by sending people you know in our direction! 5. Start a training for resume writers. I see this training as a way to up my game and also to train writers who can be on The Essay Expert’s team! 6. Create 213 success stories! If you have a story you haven’t yet shared please do! As The Essay Expert grows, so will the number of people who get interviews, job offers and offers of admission using resumes and essays crafted with the support of our writers. I look forward to sharing my successes and challenges with you over the next year. What are you creating for 2013? Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 7, 2013

The First Sino-Japanese War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First Sino-Japanese War - Essay Example The war proceeded for five years with the Japanese troops and navy triumphant over their Chinese adversaries until the capture of Weihaiwei after which the Chinese called for a ceasefire and peace in February 1895. Through the war, it could be seen that the Qing Dynasty had become a spent force after fighting in the Opium Wars in the nineteenth century. However, Japan under the Meijin Restoration had reformed considerably for the better and after the war; it exerted its superiority in all over East Asia to the detriment of the Self-Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty in China. The triumph of Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War can be attributed to its modern fleets as well as superior war tactics made possible through strategy, foresight and proper organization. The Chinese had an ineffective regime led by the inefficient and corrupt Qing Dynasty, which led to its defeat in the war. Japan, therefore, managed to reduce the influence of the Chinese in Korea with prosperity registered after the overthrow of the Korean king and a friendly Japanese government. Through this, the trade by Japan flourished thus making its economy to grow in bounds. However, the divisions created in Korea would later lead to the splitting of Korea into North and South Korea, each with an attachment to either Japan or China. The pro-Chinese Conservatives congregated around China forming North Korea while the pro-Japanese formed South Korea that leans towards Japan.

Employment law 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment law 3 - Assignment Example Karen files a complaint of sex/gender discrimination with the EEOC and Harrison is called to testify during the investigation. The EEOC decides not to pursue the matter. A month and a half after the investigation is closed, Tabernacle management moves Harrison from his cubicle to a cubicle on a vacant floor. All other aspects of his job remain the same. Harrison files a complaint of retaliation.   A.   Harrison cannot pursue a case of retaliation because the relocation of his work area between cubicles did not materially affect the terms, conditions, or privileges of his employment at Tabernacle. 10. Randi has been placed by a staffing firm in a temporary secretarial position with USD Industries. Randi is an employee solely by the staffing firm. The day after she reports, USD calls the staffing firm and requests that she be replaced due to her race. 11. In order to win a â€Å"quid pro quo† case, but not a â€Å"hostile work environment† case of sexual harassment, plaintiff must prove that some psychological injury resulted from the harassment. (F) 12. Maxwell Corp. distinguishes between applicants that it is willing to interview for any position, and those that it is not, on the degree to which an applicants handwriting is determined, by a qualified graphologist, to indicate high emotional stability and ambition. On the basis of this test, 70% of male applicants are deemed interviewable, while 45% of female applicants are deemed interviewable. The use of the handwriting analysis as a distinguishing factor has a disparate impact on women. (T) 15. Chip Onsholder is a welder for Mac’s Machine Tools. He cannot seem to please his new boss, Ms. Perfection. He suspects she doesn’t like him because she’s a liberal Democrat, and he’s a rock-ribbed Republican. One day, Chip makes a joke about the stupidity of donkeys and she fires him. When Chip sues for discrimination under Title 7, he will probably: 16.

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay Introduction At the course of Business Law, we got the knowledge about the contract. In addition we have an assignment that provides a contract analysis. This evaluation of the contract will be reviewed in accordance with the following requirements: 1. What specifically makes this contract enforceable? 2. What are the responsibilities of both parties? 3. What are the possible damages and liabilities? 4. What impact does a potential breach of contract have on the business? 5. Summarize, by reflecting in general on the impact legal issues can have in both small and large businesses. So, a contract is any voluntary legally binding agreement between two or more people or businesses. In our case the two parties will be represented by The State of Oregon, and by Pro DX, who will provide services and goods to the first one. 1. What specifically makes this contract enforceable? Based on the English Statute of Frauds, not every contract has to be in writing to be valid and enforceable, but some contracts should be. This agreement between State of Oregon and Pro DX, should be in writing because this contract involving the providing of services (repairs, replacements, maintenances, and others) exceeding a big amount of money. To avoid misunderstandings and disagreements and to reduce the possibility of perjury by one party or the other, this contract should be in writing. Furthermore, because it can be performed in less than one year, this kind of contract can be in oral form, and it requires involving the third party (a witness) who in case of the trial will bring a reasonable and effective evidences, otherwise one of the party might deny that the contract ever existed or might disagree on the terms of the contract. Besides that this contract is a service contract, it is also a good contract because it requires implementation of goods components in modernizat ion of the software. (Article 2 of the UCC) This contract, like all contracts become enforceable if all the elements of the contract have been fulfilled without fail. First that prove that the contract is enforceable is the offer. * The offer is a proposal made by one person to another person for the sale and purchase of goods, to engage in a job, action participation, and provision of services. So this contract offers software system design and programming services, in the future is valued at $ 52,800.00 for the state of Oregon. * Another element mentioned in the contract is acceptance. In general acceptance of an offer is a manifestation of assent to the terms thereof made by the offeree in a manner invited or required by the offer. Acceptance in this case is described that contractor, herein Pro DX, agrees to perform the work in accordance with the terms and conditions of this contract. * Another important element found in this agreement is the legal consideration; this means that each party must provide something of value. In our contract this means that one party (Pro DX) will provide a service (such as maintenance, programming services, software), or a product, in exchange for money (from the State of Oregon, therein represented by the DHS). * If talking about a Professional Data Exchange Company and State of Oregon, we automatically can say that another element of contract is automatically respected. This is capacity to create a contract such means that each party must have the legal capacity to enter a contract. In most jurisdictions that means that they must be at least a certain age and of sound mind. For this mentioned companies it may mean that the individual is given express authority to enter a contract in the company’s bylaws or other formal documents, such is State of Oregon that is acting by and trough its Department of Human Services, Office of Information Services, hereinafter referred to as DHS. * An element with the biggest importance is that this contract has a legal purpose. And it is, because this agreement refers just to providing of services and not illegal things. * The last element that should make enforceable this contract is that both parties should be mentally competent. In special this contract, has all this requirements but it is still unenforceable because it doesn’t have so little elements that also make a contract enforceable. These are: the commencement date of the contract, party’s rights written in and not only the responsibilities, and party’s signatures and stamps. 2. What are the responsibilities of both parties? The important responsibilities of the contractor (therein as Pro DX) are: * To provide system design and programming services, including COBOL II, Easytrieve Plus, CICS, CA Intertest and VSAM and DB2 file structures, and make corrections approved by DHS Project Manager. * To construct or modify and implement programs/ files that will control the processing of rates on the JD/CBC system, based on DHS supplied Project Design document and criteria. * To perform design changes, programming, acceptance testing or implementation to address unforeseen error(s), newly discovered bugs and/or interfacing issues. * To demonstrate successful implementation of the production system content with the requirements of Statement of Work to DHS Project Manager. * All these services should be provided in specific limit of time and cost. While the DHS Project Manager responsibilities are: * To provide the necessary methodologies and standards that conforms to documentation standards. * To promote the rules for completing each task within time frame and approval of every task. * To define and document what testing data is needed for the CBC/512 rate structure project. * To pay for services provided by contractor herein as Professional Data Exchange (ProDX). 3. What are the possible damages and liabilities? If Pro DX breaches the contract, the possible damages can be: * The DHS might sue the party for a remedies under the law; * The Pro DX will be enforced to pay the caused damages, that can be compensatory, liquidated, nominal, and/or punitive damages. * The Pro DX can be enforced to a specific performance. Basically a decree requiring the breaching party to perform their part of the bargain in the contract. * Pro DX might meet with the terms such -Cancellation and Restitution. A non-breaching party may cancel the contract and sue for restitution if the non-breaching party has given a benefit to the breaching party. The former contract which is the subject of dispute is â€Å"rescinded† (cancelled), and a new one may be formed to meet the parties’ needs. * Pro DX will have to pay the attorney’s fees and cost. (in case of litigation). If we will look from the DHS’s side, the possible damages that can appear are: * To waste time waiting for the performance; * To lose the work that should be provided after the implementation; * Damage also includes the costs of hiring another company to finish the job. The liabilities that can be provided by Pro DX are: * To provide the programs and software that will satisfy the State of Oregon; * To complete all maintenance work within time frame; * To not to exceed the cost and work hours. The liabilities that should be provided by DHS are: * To establish the criteria and methodologies necessaries to accept the new right implemented programs and software; * To make corrections (if needed) in the supplied services; * To pay money for successful implemented system. 4. What impact does a potential breach of contract have on the business? So in the case of non-fulfillment of a contract by one party (for example by Pro DX), as a result the other party (DHS) suffers losses. Breach of a contract has negative effects, and has wide ranging consequences both legal and practical to the parties to the contract: * Loss of money – (if, for example, Pro DX refuses to form his side of the bargain on the due date or performs incompletely, in result the second party, DHS, will lose their money for this implementation and also will lose their time spend on waiting for, and somehow will lose the profit that can be made further). * Loss of time (if, for example, Pro DX’s programs and software will not be accepted by the DHS’s side, the first will result that lost their time, and some files or programs, for doing this job). * Loss of a financial partner- it can be lose a potential investor or/and the business with who you are dealing. * Loss of trust- it is bad for any business, because no one will have pleasure to make business with an entity that lost trust in the market. * Loss of markets- insufficiently active or successful business means a loss of competitiveness and loss of market. * Injury to reputation It is not good for a business reputation if word gets out that they have not honored their part of the contract. Other companies will be reluctant to do business with an entity which has previously defaulted on other contracts. 5. Summarize, by reflecting in general on the impact legal issues can have in both small and large businesses. Although some recent studies have looked at the impact of regulations on the relationship between government and private business in general, the attention has been directed toward understanding precisely how government regulations have affected small businesses. There is good reason to believe that size matters. Precisely because of their smaller size, small businesses are likely to be less diversified and less able to leverage economies of scale or to access capital markets. As a result, small businesses might be more risk-averse and less able to react to unexpected events compared to larger businesses. Large firms with deep pockets might be more frequent targets of employee discrimination, wrongful discharge and other suits. Large firms might also have a stronger incentive to spend substantial resources aggressively defending any one suit so as to deter future suits. On the other hand, small firms may be more vulnerable to breach of a non-compete agreement or violation of trade secrets rules as the entire business may depend on that trade secret. As a result, they may be more likely to prosecute, in spite of the costs and the risks of bankruptcy. (http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/smallbus.html, Source: U.S. Census Bureau.) Also as an owner of a small business or a large business, the common danger of crippling litigation should also be at the top of your priorities. Disgruntled Employees, Discrimination/Harassment Cases, Immigration Audits – any business should make sure that all its company’s employees can legally work in the United States. Unsatisfied Customers Customers who are unsatisfied can file class action lawsuits against the company, in which they gather in large consumer groups and attack the company over faulty products, services or promises. With enough unsatisfied customers, class action lawsuits can do more damage than any individual or corporation and irreparably tarnish your brand’s image. Other Legal Issues These are only some of the most common legal issues facing small and large businesses today. Good communication in the workplace and a hands-on approach to management is the best deterrent to legal issues. Of course the big companies that are facing with these issues, the damage (financial risks, or company image) are higher and have a more sever reflection, than a small company could have. 6. What are the implications this project has for your chosen career? At the end of this evaluation of the contract, as a future accountant, I understood that the contract is the safer way to make an exchange of goods and/or services. I got the knowledge what is a valid contract, what it makes enforceable, what are the elements of the contract, what are the risks and liabilities. This big source of information will help me to be more capable and to feel free while signing a contract. Those skills will help me to manage my business or my job as accountant without breaking the law. Everyone in his life has deals with the contracts, even if this is unwritten or is written one. Even in the supermarket, or when we are buying clothes, we are doing the exchange of money and a product. So the rules of the contract is that one party is offering something, when another party is considering your offer and decides to have a relationship with you or not. Also, as an accountant or a business woman, an important thing is to know how, to behave in unexpected situation. In activity of businesses can appear the situations called Force Majeure- this is an emergency, do not depend on the participation of the parties. (For example: fire, earthquakes, hurricanes, and others.). In this case, none of the parties is legally responsible for its obligations. Further, to that contract, is made an additional agreement, which specifies other conditions. So knowing what is legal and what are the criteria that make a contract valid and enforceable will help me to succeed in my accountant ca reer. Conclusion Business law courses were often overlooked in high school, or college. It’s not an education required strictly for attorneys that represent and defend businesses, in fact it’s pretty much for almost anyone. Contracts are written or oral agreement between two or more parties. The parties can be individuals, companies, non-profits or government agencies. With a contract, two or more parties agree to exchange services or promises. Many parts of our daily lives involve contracts. When we buy an insurance policy for the home or the car, for example, we are entering into an agreement. Many people have employment contracts. Even when we go to a doctor these days we have to sign a contract agreeing to receive medical treatment. If speaking in special about this analysis of a contract, about knowing how and when we enter into a contract to be safer, more convenient and profitable. So business law through information and specific examples will help us to get more information sought. In analysis of such a contract, we are able to focus on the elements and requirements so, that we do not overlook anything. This practice will develop in the future to have a professional behavior in the process of concluding a contract.

The U.S. Constitution and Slavery :: USA, constitution, slavery, history,

The US constitution was written with great vision to create strong nation. The bill of right were written, it provide all humans with rights. The writers of the constitution we hypocrites, they didn’t abide by what they preached. Thomas Jefferson wrote himself â€Å" all men are created equal† but he owned slaves. The founding father didn’t look or even think about slavery when they wrote the constitution. They were pre-occupied in getting the southern state to join the union and sign the new constitution. They southern states believed that the federal government shouldn’t mess with the issue on slavery because slavery was a state issue. The south and the north made numerous compromises to create a great nation. The first indirect compromise was when the constitution didn’t mention slavery in the constitution, they left that for the states to deal with. After years after when the congress decide to stop the slave trade in 1808, they gave the south time to adjust to this but they new that by the time the slave trade died line was over the slave would have reproduces and they would have more slaves. Third compromise gave the south more power. They had notice that they had less seats in the house of representative. States with the most slaves, for instance Virginia and Maryland, were get out number in the house of representative, so the compromised to have the slave counted as part of the population. They got three counts for every five slaves. This helped balance the house of representative. Later on, after President Lincoln abolished slavery(the thirteen amendment in the constitution) the southern states decided to nullify his decision but the went against the constitution. Nullification is illegal. This action cause the bloodiest civil war in America. President Lincoln notice that the US government was not following what they were preaching. After the win in the civil war, the federal government had established themselves with a lot of power.

Paper on Career Skills Essay

1. Career direction It starts with five articles which help you think about career direction. These tools help you uncover what you do best and identify the types of work that you’ll enjoy doing most. From this, you can figure out how to make the most of your skills and preferences, whether in your current role or in a new one. a. Personal SWOT Analysis shows you how you can apply the well-known SWOT strategy tool to your life and career, helping you identify your strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities open to you and the threats you face. This leads naturally into the idea of job crafting. This is something that many of us do subconsciously to some extent, but our article gives you a rigorous approach that you can use to craft your ideal job. b. Develop your career in various ways. We show you what you can be doing now to future proof your career and to get ready for promotion. And if you’re frustrated because your hard work and abilities are going unnoticed, find out how to get the recognition you deserve. we show you how to live with a lack of job security and how to cope with life after job loss. Yet even when the economy’s booming, you can still face challenging career situations such as hitting a â€Å"glass ceiling†. We round off this section with two articles that will help you transition through significant events in your career. First, we look at what you can do when you get a new boss, and then we see how to wrap up in one role before moving on. Finding Career Direction Discover Yourself and Your Purpose How long has it been since you asked yourself what you want to be when you grow up? If you haven’t considered the idea since high school, then you may have settled into a job that is not fulfilling your professional aspirations, or your purpose. Each of us has particular talents that, when expressed or exercised, make the world a better place. Most likely you enjoy doing these things, and you find that people respond well to you when you do them. Perhaps they’re things you gravitate towards during out-of-hours activities, and that people respect you for. When you develop these talents as far as you can, you can make your greatest possible contribution to the world, and enjoy personal and professional satisfaction that goes along with this. Your Career Direction Journey The process of uncovering what you are meant to do, that is finding career direction, is a journey. It starts with discovering the essential â€Å"you†: the person who truly resides behind the facades, defenses, and stresses of everyday life. Once unmasked, your journey continues with specific career exploration and identification of a career that allows you to make good use of your talents. And it moves on with a focused job or career move, in which you identify the jobs you want and put yourself in the best possible position to get them. In fact, this journey never really ends because work itself is all about change, growth, development, and reinvention. By taking a talent-based approach to your career search right from the start, you keep yourself heading toward the right career even when the actual direction shifts over time. This approach consists of sequentially answering three questions: 1. Who Am I? 2. What Do I Want to Do? 3. How Do I Get Hired? 1. Discovering Who You Really Are The first question to answer is â€Å"Who am I?† We’ll take two approaches to answering this – firstly asking you to explore your talents, and secondly using psychometric tests to explore your preferences. Exploring Your Talents First of all, consider your answers to the following questions: * When have you been most committed, passionate and enthusiastic? * When have you been most creative? * When have you been most sure of yourself and your decisions? * What do you consider to be your greatest accomplishment? * When have other people considered you to be most successful? * When have you enjoyed your work most? * What talents were you relying on, and using, in these situations? * For what would you take a very strong stand? * What about the world puzzles or disturbs you that you could make an impact on? * What jobs do you like to do at work when you have a choice? * What activities are you drawn towards out of work? * If money were no concern, what would you be doing? Brainstorm each of these questions, and then use your answers to identify the top three talents that you most use when you’re successful. Rank these in order. Tip:If you’re having problems choosing, use a technique like paired comparison analysis to rank things in order. | Personality Inventories Next, we’ll look at using personality inventories as a way of looking at your preferred way of working relative to other people. There are many typologies available including Myers-Briggs, DISC (Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Conscientiousness) and the strength finder evaluation in â€Å"Now Discover Your Strengths†. Tip 1: Some of these cost quite a lot of money, however considering the importance of what you’re doing, it is probably worth investing in them if you haven’t already done so. Tip 2: It can be hard initially to see how to apply these tests. One trick is to turn things around, and as you identify possible careers, think about what personality type is most likely to be successful in these careers. Is there a match or a mismatch? We’ll do this later. Tip 3: Treat these tests as advisory only – you can’t capture the whole complexity of your personality and experience with only a few questions. That said, you’ll probably find the tests quite insightful! | With personality testing you learn what you have in common with other people. You also discover potential points of friction with people of other personality types. While no personality type is good or bad, it does help you discover what motivates and energizes you. This in turn empowers you to seek those elements in the work you choose to do, and avoid the things that frustrate and demotivate you. As you explore your personality you come to realize that who you are is really determined by the choices you make. You choose to react one way over another, or to prefer one thing to another. You can take this self-awareness one step further by examining why you make the choices you do. In psychological terms, what is your payoff for making the choices you make? When you know the â€Å"why† it is easier to see how you can become fulfilled through the work you do. Write a â€Å"Who I Am† Statement Now draw this together into a simple written statement of who you are. This is an important step toward self-discovery and defining your purpose. Use it to answer the following questions: * What your talents and strengths are. * The talents you achieve most with. * The activities you get most satisfaction from. * The type of activity the psychometrics you’ve completed guide you towards. Tip: When you’re doing this, be careful not just to look back nostalgically at simple jobs where you performed well – after all, many different people could perform well in these situations, and this gives you little information. Focus instead on more difficult areas where you made a positive difference, and where others didn’t. 2. Finding Out What You Want to Do Now that you know who you are, the next stage is to think about what you want to do. For your life to be balanced and fulfilled, your career must be aligned with who you are: Otherwise you’ll be unhappy with work, and you’ll probably underachieve. After all, ill-fitting jobs demand different talents from the ones that you have. If you try to pursue a career path that is at odds with your values, your beliefs, and your way of seeing the world, then you’ll struggle constantly and be under a great deal of stress and pressure. The starting point is to do some brainstorming on the jobs that you think would suit who you are. We’ll then confirm this with some different psychometric tests, and then extend this list with some more brainstorming. You then need to spend some time researching the top careers you’ve identified. i. Exploring the Options You Know About Starting with your â€Å"Who I Am† statement, start thinking about all of the jobs you can see that would suit you someone with the talents and interests in that statement (by depersonalizing it in this way, you help to avoid â€Å"being too close to the issue.†) Starting here is particularly important if you’re already established in a career: It’s important to capitalize where you can on the experience and contacts you’ve already built up, compared with ditching everything and starting completely afresh (while this sounds glamorous and enticing, it puts you in the position of competing equally with other career starters, who may be much younger than you. On the other hand, if you’re profoundly unhappy with your company, industry and profession, a radical career change may be the best thing†¦) So start by asking yourself if your current role can be adapted to suit you much better; if there are other roles within your existing company that would be worth trying; or whether similar roles in other organizations might be more rewarding. Once you’ve done this, extend out and brainstorm the other options available. ii. Using Career Tests The next stage is to use online career tests to explore options that you might have missed. Useful ones are: Free, but limited career selection advice: Princeton Review Career Quiz Chargeable (but inexpensive, and with good selections of possible careers): http://www.self-directed-search.com http://www.assessment.com iii. Thinking Further The unavoidable flaw with these career tests is that they’re based on backward-looking data, and can only cope with the major career types. Because of this, they can’t recommend new careers, nor do they know about less well-known careers. Using the test results as a starting point, do some brainstorming to see if there are new technology careers which demand similar personality types, or if there are more obscure careers that may also be open. iv. Pulling This Together. You’ll now have identifies a wide range of possible careers open to you. Now’s the time to cut these down and prioritize them. We’re not asking you to choose one now, but to cut down to your top 5 or 6 choices (the reason being that when you start researching these careers, some of them may turn out to be quite bad!) Again, if you’re having trouble prioritizing, use paired comparison analysis to rank your choices. v. Perform Career Research Armed with a solid understanding of how you can participate in fulfilling work, you now need to research the various options you have to make money doing so. Career research is not something many people relish, but it is necessary in order to eliminate choices that seem to be great fits on the surface but really won’t align with your mission and purpose. Yes, this is quite tedious. But think about the consequences of getting things wrong! Surely it’s worth spending time exploring your options, rather than a lifetime kicking yourself for making a bad choice! Methods for researching careers include: * Researching the career using sites like Acinet.org, so that you can understand industry trends, job pay levels, qualifications needed, job availability, etc. * Conducting your own PEST Analysis to confirm your own view of likely career trends. * Reading industry/career magazines and get a sense of how â€Å"happy† the industry is, who the major players in it are, and what the issues and problems within it are. Also, looking at job vacancies to see if the career is in demand. * Understanding what talents and personalities make people successful in the career, and mapping these back against your own talents and personality. * Attending professional and trade shows. * Participating in job fairs; * Visiting company websites, and keep an eye on how companies are talked about in the press. * Understanding where organizations are based, and deciding if you’re prepared to travel to interviews, and perhaps to move. * Volunteering. * Working part time and/or seasonally in the industry. Tip: Be careful when using career trends to identify career possibilities: The desire to pursue an up and coming career may overshadow your mission and purpose. This will only lead to dissatisfaction down the road. Also be aware that there’s a natural desire from people within an industry to inflate its prospects (to ensure a good supply of new recruits in the future.) Take official figures with a pinch of salt! | By the end of all of this research, you may have rejected several possible careers. Now’s the time to narrow down to one! Again, Paired Comparison Analysis may be useful here, however so can Grid Analysis which helps you make comparisons where many variables are involved. 3. Answering â€Å"How do I Get Hired?† In this last phase you answer, â€Å"What am I going to do to get hired?† With your â€Å"Who I Am† statement and your research as your compass, now you need to actually map your progress. Many people tend to move from their purpose right into job search mode. This is a mistake because unless you have a plan, it is far too easy to get derailed by a lucrative job offer, an opening that Uncle Vinny has, a job that sounds really glamorous, or a whole host of other distractions. Develop your plan first and you’re more likely to get where you want to go, faster. * Start by writing down the career you want. What is your long-term vision for yourself in terms of your career? * Write down the steps you need to take or the things you need to accomplish, in order to get there. What qualifications should you get? What experience should you build? Which organization will give you the best start? * For each of these steps create a detailed implementation plan. * These are your short term goals. * Be sure to express as SMART objectives. * Go back and identify contingency plans * Do a â€Å"what if† analysis on your goals â€Å"If you don’t get accepted to grad school this year, what will you do?† Tip: The more contingency plans you have the more likely you will be able to survive the inevitable setbacks. You will also have much more confidence in yourself despite the bumps in the road. Tip 2: Recognize that the more opportunities you have, the better the job that you’ll be able to choose. Concentrate on creating as many opportunities as possible! | Now you are free to pursue your dream career with confidence. There are certainly no guarantees but with the right amount of planning and a sufficient dose of reality, the career that you are meant for will materialize. Signs a career direction evaluation may be in order: * Your job lacks challenge and excitement for you. * You are feeling unappreciated. * Your promotional and/or development opportunities are limited. * You are no longer having fun. * Learning is replaced with routine. * You sense that your skills and talents are being wasted. * You are suffering from stress or depression. Finding career direction is a process. The more effort you put into the planning stages the better your results. Uncovering your true self and your purpose is heavy, emotional work and you may have to go through this process a few times in the span of your working life. The effort however, is certainly worth it when you end up with a clear sense of the direction your career should be taking.

Tone Interpretation for a Rose for Emily

Teegan Brock Brad Nelson Luke Ziegler Trevor Magerowski Paul Reid English Comp 2 March 18, 2013 Insane Asylum for Emily The short story,† A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner has a distinct tone that helps depict the overall theme of how a woman unloved by her father falls into the dark treacherous depths of insanity. In the beginning of the story Emily lived with her father. Her father drove away all of the men in her life so she never found love. Also her father was very overbearing and basically the only person that she ever grew to know personally.Her father cut her extended family off from her so she never was very social. Once her father died she was alone. She had no one except her servants and she was very lonely which probably drove her into partial insanity. She was very used to self-pity because her father was a very big man in the community so once he passed away she never had to pay taxes so she was basically exempt from society. After her father die d she started to see more of people such as her cousins that her father drove away when she was alive. She found love in a guy named homer that went south after she found out about his homosexuality.Faulkner does a good job of using a dark tone and making Emily almost seem unsociable and unlovable to a point where nobody wants to be in her life. Homer basically was the straw that broke the camel’s back and drove her deep into insanity. After Emily finds out about her sexuality she goes to the store to buy poison. The tone in the story makes it near impossible to predict what she was going to do with the poison. The store keeper asked her what she needed it for and she refused to tell him and bought it anyway. She then bought a silver toilet set with her initials engraved on it and a complete outfit including a night shirt.This shows her insanity because she is buying him stuff when he clearly does not love her. This in turn might be the reason for her buying the arsenic becau se he left when the cousins came and she clearly was upset about it. Late in the story Emily’s house started to smell horrid and it was disturbing the community. Because, of her social status and her reputation for being the crazy, grumpy old lady the town refused to take action and disturb her. Thirty years passed the smell continued so the town just sprinkled lime to cover up the smell. After she passed away they went upstairs to her room and discovered homers dead body.This story and the overall tone clearly pleads the case of Emily’s insanity because they found her hair on the indented pillow lying next to homers body. This showed that she slept in the bed with him. She hid that body for 30 years and lived with the smell. The authors tone made it easy to depict the theme that Emily was drove into insanity by her father and never being able to find love and be social with other people. To quote the great W. C. Fields â€Å"No doubt exists that all women are crazy; it's only a question of degree. † And in Emily’s case it’s the highest degree.

High Technology Fibers Essay Example

High Technology Fibers Essay Example High Technology Fibers Essay High Technology Fibers Essay HIGH TECHNOLOGY FIBRES FOR TECHNICAL TEXTILES 1 INTRODUCTION Human life is surrounded by hundreds of textile fibres either in the form of clothes, interior textiles or in the form of high performance technical textiles made of conventional or high technology fibres for various applications. A textile fibre is usually defined as a flexible, macroscopically homogenous cylindrical body mainly with circular cross- section having a high ratio of length to diameter (typically 100-3000: 1). Textile fibres are derived both from natural and synthetic origins. Natural fibres such as cotton, wool etc. are often found with lengths 1000-3000 times their diameter. On the other hand coarser natural fibres such as jute, flax, ramie, etc. have lengths 100- 500 times their diameter. However man-made fibres can be made in any desired ratio of length to diameter. The technical textile industry uses both natural and man-made fibres in manufacturing a variety of products. Natural fibres mainly come from agricultural and animal sources; (although asbestos is a natural fibre coming from mineral sources, but this fibre is banned in many countries from being used due to health hazards) whereas the production of man-made fibres is an important activity of the world-wide chemical industry involving largely natural polymers and synthetic polymers (derieved from petrochemical by-products). There are also a limited number of man-made fibres such as glass, metal and ceramics are produced using inorganic materials. Although natural fibres are extensively used in the technical textile iiidwliv, a serious manufacturing of technical textiles only started about thirty years ago with the inception of man-made fibres. Over the last twenty, years, the man-made fibre industry has seen a radical growth in terms of fibre consumption tbr the technical textile industry. In general, the man-made fibre industry achieved a vast expansion between 1940 and 1970, creating a new spectacular look for the clothing and fashion trade, but today it is showing signs of maturity. Multinational fibre producers have, therefore, turned their ttention to a new dimension, which is technical textiles, to fuel the next major wave of creativity, innovation and growth. It will thus open-up the possibility of a major growth of particularly high tenacity and high technology man-made fibres for the technical textile industry. The growth is also expected to be fuelled by the significant global economic upturn in the first half of 20 00. The estimated total ofworld production of the major textile fibres (including both natural and man-made) for 1998 was over 55 million tonnes, ofwhich approximately 20% was used in the production of technical textiles. It is anticipated that by 2001, nearly 25% of the global. flbre production will be used in technical textiles. Of course, the major breakthrough in this growth will come from ‘New Technical Textiles and New Technologies’ replacing the traditional linear concept of material production. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES In general, textile fibres are classified into two main groups: natural and man-made. Virtually all kinds of fibres (both natural and man-made) are used in technical textiles. However, for narket structural requirements, fibres used in technical textiles can be divided into two main classes, namely: commodity fibres; and high-technology or speciality fibres. Although by market perception. commqdity fibres are those which are extensively used for traditional textiles, such as apparel and clothing, household textiles, carpets etc. , but contrary to this, today the majority of technical end-uses of textiles are based on commodity fibres. A high degree of engineering ingenuity is, however, often devoted to the design of the item constructed from such fibres. Commodity fibres can be sub-classified into two other groups: conventional fibres such as cotton, wool etc. and high-tenacity fibres, such as polyester, polypropylene etc. In Western Europe, almost 95% of technical textile products are currently made by commodity fibres (- 67% by conventional fibres and - 28% by high-tenacity fibres). Although tl commodity fibres grossly dominate the technical textile markets, but due to the defined scope of this chapter specific features of popular commodity fibres are not included here. High technology or speciality fibres are those which very often are made involving novel materials and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. These fibres are normally characterised for their specific performance enhancing properties. High technology fibres normally add value to the finished products. A number of publication  ° on the subject and related topics have appeared in the last few years. The introduction of high-technology or speciality fibres in technical textiles has allowed us to enter a new era of materials revolution. ‘These fibres are used for special requirements demanded by certain types of technical textiles. Such technical requirements are high temperature protection, high impact and dynamic energy absorption capacity, high cut-through resistance etc. In other words, high-technology or speciality fibres are normally chosen for their particular suitability to an end-use such as protective clothing for ballistic body armour, for high-risk jobs and sports (Figure 1), lightweight textile- reinforced structural components for aircraft, high-performance ropes for marine applications (Figure 2), sfructural panels (reinforced with fibres) for building construcon and so on. Aramids (Keviar, Nomex, Twaron etc. ), glass, carbon, polyethylene, polyphenylene su ph ide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) etc. arc some of the popular high- technology fibres frequently used ‘for technical textiles. High-technology fibres are expensive (10 to 500 times more expensive than commodity fibres) and are often known as ‘Premium Fibres’. Currently high-technology fibres have about - 5% of the total market in technical tcxtiles in Western Europe, but the global market of these fibres is growing rapidly. FIBRE PRODUCTION: SPINNING AND DRAWING Other than inorganic fibres, all man-made fibres (both commodity and high tcchnoogy) are spun either from natural polymers or from synthetic polymers. it is necessary either to melt the polymer at an elevated temperature or to dissolve it in a solvent to form a fibre from a polymer. The most extensively used commercial spinning techniques are melt spinning, dry spinning and wet spinning. Ot her techniques which are used mainly to spin certain types of high technology fibres are gel spinning, liquid crystal spinning, emulsion spinning etc. Both dry and wet spinning processes are technically known as ‘Solution Spinning’. The technology of solution spinning is highly specialised for the individual fibre industry and some of the techniques are described in the patents and in the published literature. Many high-technology fibres e spun using solution spinning techniques. Figure 3 shows the schemii diagram of the three principal methods of spinning fibres. Most of the thermoplastic polymers which do not degrade in their molten state are normally extruded by the melt spinning process. The process is considered as safe, simple and cost effective. The molten polymer is extruded through a nozzle, called a spinneret. Extruded fibre is then passed through a chamber to cool and solidify. Thereafter, the spun material is drawn and wound on a bobbin. Nylon 6, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) etc. are the typical examples of melt-spun fibres. Dry spinning is the process whereby the dope (polymer solution) is passed through a spinneret and solvent is flushed off the resultant fibre in the spin heated chamber, also known as the spin column, before winding the fibre on a bobbin. A high technology fibre from the meta-aramid group, known as Noinex [poly (rn-phenyleneisothalamide)J is a popular example of a dry- spun fibre. Wet spinning was the first process to produce a man-made fibre. The process involves a liquid polymer solution which is pumped through the spinneret into a coagulating chamber. The coagulated fibre is then washed to complete the solvent removal process and often drawn and latter wound on a bobbin Acrylic fibres (polyacrylc’nitrile) are primarily spun by this method. However, they also can be spun by the dry spinning technique. Gel spinning and liquid crystal spinning are two other processes, which are becoming commercially more promising for high technology fibres. Some scientists believe that gel spinning perhaps is the only way to produce ultra high strength polyethylene fibre. However, both the processes are still in the development stage. Depending upon the polymer and the spinning system, commodity fibres are commercially spun at a speed of 1000-5000 metres per minute, although research work has been undertaken on melt-spun fibres produced at a speed of 12000 metres per minute. Most of the high-technology fibres are spun at a reasonably lower speed compared to the speed us. ed to spill a commodity fibre. Spun yarn is often subjected to a process known as drawing. A schematic diagram of the drawing process is given in Figure 4. Drawing introduces orientation and in some cases crystallinity too, into the molecular structure of the fibre and converts the undrawn extruded yarn into a commercially useful material. The degree of stretch technically known as the draw ratio is set by adjusting the surface speeds of input and output rollers (v and v. respectively in the Figure 4) and its magnitude depends on the end use of the material. Drawing is normally accomplished at a temperature above the glass transition point of the spun material. 4 USEFUL FIBRE PROPERTIES FOR TECNNICAL TEXTILES The long-term durability, dimensional stability, etc. of technical textiles are functions of many fibre properties. For example, thermal and thermomechanical responses of fibres des cribe the usefulness of the longterm utilisation of a fibre in a technical textile particularly to be used in a hostile environment such as hoPgas or liquid filtration, welders’ suits or even textiles usedn tyres. The knowledge of various fibre properties thus allows the manufacturers of technical textiles to have a logical estimation of the suitability and subsequently the durability of the materials used in a particular environment so as to minimise the risks of unwanted failure due to the interaction of stress-deformation-temperature and degradative chemical reactions. Specific fibre properties are measured for the specific technical applications. However, such properties can be grouped into the following classes: (a) mechanical properties: strength or tenacity, extensibility, modulus or stiffness, elastic recovery etc. b) thermal and thermomechanical responses: melting temperature, high temperature mechanical properties etc. (c) chemical characteristics: resistance to various inorganic and organic chemicals etc. (d) electrical properties: static electricity build-up, dielectric behaviour, insulating nature etc. (e) abrasion and ageing behaviours (f) surface properties: adhesion, moisture t ransport behaviour etc. (g) optical properties (h) other special properties Tailor-made special properties are very often the features of high-technology fibres. For example, fibres can be engineered into hollow structures that are capable of providing the varying degree of porosity and strength needed in medical applications such as synthetic blood vessels, controlled drug release etc. ; itt chemical/water industry applications such as purification, filtration etc. ; in civil engineering and many other applications. There are many such- tailor made special properties which are developed in a wide variety of high technology fibres. Table I highlights some attributes of high-technology fibres for technical textiles. These are successfully exploited on a wide variety of technical textIle products to enhance performance. 5 SPECIFIC FFATU1ES OF SOME FilCH TECHNOLOGY FIBRES 5. 1 Aromatic polyamides (Aramids) A class of aromatic polyamides distinctly different in properties from the conventional aliphatic polyamide was given the name of’Aramid’ by the Federal Trade Commission of the USA in 1974. The first aramid fibre was developed by the Dupont company in USA and was introduced in the market in 1965. This was a meta-orientated aramid called Nomex. There are two types of commercially successful aramids available. Technically both types can be classified as high technology fibres. The first type of fibres have high temperature resistance and belong to the meta aramid group. They have moderate tenacity and low modulus but excellent resistance to heat. Their utility is largely based upon combustion. The fibres in this class show high melting/decomposition points (600-800 °C). rvletaaram ids arc extremely uselli I when outstanding thermal protection (e. g. protective apparel) and electrical insulation propCrtics are required. xamples of meta-aramids, which are commercially available and widely used Car various applications, are Nomex produced by Dupont and Conex from Teijin. Figure 5 shows chemical structures of meta and para-aramicls. Para-aramids are mechanically much stronger and stiffer than meta-aramids. Dupont is the major global producer of para-aramid fibres with a trade name of Keviar. Currently Kevlar is available in a number of grades (e. g. Kevlar 29, Kevlar 49 etc. ) which have a wide spread of properties. The other producers of similar kinds of material is AKZO and the trade name of their p-arainid is called Twaron. Teijin in Japan have developed a copolymer based paraaramid like fibre commercially known as Technora. The common feature of all of the above mentioned commercially available para-aramid fibres (irrespective of their total polymeric constitutions) is the presence of the para-orientated phenylene unit in their molecular structures. Normally aramid . fibres are produced involving a dry-jet wet spinning process as shown in Figure 6. Aramid fibres have tensile strengths at 300 °C that are characteristic ofhigh enacity commodity fibres at room temperature. Para-aramid fibres have even very useful tenacities well above 300 °C. In contrast nylon 6. 6 and polyester (PET) loose almost all of their strength at about 220 °C. Also ararnid fibres retain useful tensile properties after heat-ageing at 3 00 °C for 1-2 weeks. Heat-ageing lifetime of para-aramids are superior than metaaramids. Aramid fibres chatacteristically burn only with difficulty and they do not melt like nylon 6. 6 or polyester fibres. They are useful in a number of applications requiring high flame resistance. Upon burning, the aramid fibre produce a thick char which acts as a thermal barrier and pFevents serious burns to the skin. Aramid fibres have high volume resistivities and dielectric strengths. They also retain these properties at elevated temperature. Accordingly, the fibres have considerable potential as high temperature dielectrics particularly for use on motors and transformers. Table. II illustrates some useful properties of para and meta-aramid fibres. Para-aramid fibres are not only very strong and stiff, they also have high dynamic energy absorption capacity. High strength, stiffness, excellent dynamic energy absorption behaviour with high fracture toughness of paraaramid create an ideal combination of this material’s suitability in ballistic performance. Figure 7 shows the design of a multilayer bullet-proof vest made of Keviar fabric. Scientists and Technologists have found numerous applications ofaramid fibres since their inception and more new and novel applications are being reported regularly. Table III shows some technical applications of meta and para-aramid fibres. 5. 2 Aromatic polyamide-imide Very few polymers suitable for fibre extrusion belong to the chemical family of polyamide-imide. The successful fibre in this category is called Kermel and is introduced in the market through a joint venture between RhonePoulenc Fibres and Amoco Fabrics. Kermel fibre has excellent inherent fire retardant and dimensional stability, good abrasion resistance and resistance to fraying. It is light and soft. 11 â€Å"s average moisture absorption capability and good antistatic qualities. Soiie useful properties of Kermel fibre are as follows: Amongst suitable applications, the fibre is used in a wide variety of personal protective equipments including the underwear component of racing drivers’ suits, fire fighter’s vests etc. 5. 3 Carbon The existence of carbon fibre became known to mankind in 1879 when Thomas Edison took a patent for the manufacture ofcarbon filaments suitable for use in electric lamps. However, the actual history of carbon fibre in manufacturing high performance preforms for advanced composites to meet the needs of the aerospace industry began in late 1950s. In the early 60s, a successful commercial production process for carbon fibre was developed by William Watt and his team at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough in the UK. Since then, the carbon fibre market and that of composite products made from it have both been consistently expanding due to the attractive technical properties and excellent performance of the fibre. Carbon fibre is described as a fibre containing at least 90% ofcarbon obtained by controlled pyrolysis of appropriate fibres. A large variety of such appropriate fibres which are known as precursors, is used to produce carbon fibres ofdifferent morphologies and different specific characteristics. The most prevalent precursors are polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cellulosic fibres (viscose, cotton etc. , pitch and certain phenolic fibres. Different routes are followed to develop carbon fibres either by manufacturimg from fibrous precursors or by the extrusion of pitch. Acrylic precursor produces strongest carbon fibre. In general, following are three successive stages in the conversion of fibrous precursors into high technology carbon fibres; I. Oxidative stabilisation between 100-400 °C depen ding on the precursors II. Carbon isation between 700-1500 °C III. Graphitisation between 1500-3000 °C according to the type of final fibre required Carbon fibre is exceptionally strong and stiff. A balanced match between high strength and high specific stiffness makes carbon fibre undoubtedly an ideal material for aircraft structural composites. The primary reasons for the popularity ofcarbon fibres and their dominance in the aerospace industry are considered to be as follows: a) Relative to weight, carbon fibres are about 7 times as strong as most metals with respeci to specific strength and about 5 tiiucs as strong as most metals with respect to tensile strength. b) They have low expansion and contraction over a very wide range of temperatures. ) They have a higher resistance to fatigue than steel and aluminium. d) ihey provide a better airworthiness and crashworthinessstructure and offer a significant gain in fuel economy. e) Carbon fibre composites used in aircraft construction reduce overhaul and maintenance costs as metal structures are said to be more prone to cracks and corrosion in service. The maui applications of carbon fibres are in the composites used in the foll owing areas: aircrafi and space shuttle (Figure 10) automotive (Figure I I) sports and recreational equipment (Figure 12) marine high performance structures (Figure 13) and general engineering medical implants (Figure 14) Many of the carbon reinforced composite structures are made from three dimensional wove or knitted preforms. Some ofthe useful properties of carbon fibres produced from polyacrylonitrile and pitch precursors are as follows: 5. 4 Glass Glass as a material is perhaps as old as civilisation itself, but the use of glass as a high technology fibre is relatively a modern idea. Glass used as a high technology fibre is made from similar ingredients to any other glass material. Silica is the basis for all commercial glass. They are obtained by fusing a mixture ofyarious metal oxides at temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1600 °C. There are different types of glass fibres commercially available all of which have different compositions and very often specific technical significance. Following is an outline of some of the popular varieties of glass: 1. ‘A’ glass has an alkali-containing composition, sometimes used for fibre manufacture, 11. ‘AR’ glass is alkali-resistance glass used in the form of fibres for reinforcing cement, 111. ‘C’ glass has a composition that provides resistance to most ofthe chemicals, IV. E’ glass has an almost universally acceptable formulation and ha become a standard for most ofthe uses in fibre and related 1)1OdtICtS. The letter ‘E’ stands for electrical, as the composition has the high electrical resistance, V. ‘HS’ glass is a magnesium-aluminia-silica glass contains small amounts ofa number of other oxid es. HS stands for high strength. VI. ‘S’ glass has a composition similar to ‘HS’ glass which, in fibre form, possesses high strength; the growth ofthis material in advanced composites is increasing rapidly. High technology glass fibres are normally made in the form of continuous strands. Over 90% of all continuous glass fibres produced arc of E’ glass composition. Figures 15 and 16 shows schematic diagram of ‘two-stage’ and ‘one-stage’, production processes respectively for continuous glass fibres. Glass fibres are strong, stiff, non-flammable and heat resistant. They are also highly resistant to chemicals, moisture and attack by micro-organisms. The strength of glass fibre can be easily lost by surface damage. In most cases the high performance characteristics are maintained by embedding or coating the fibre in a protective resin. Glass fibre also suffers from static fatigue i. e. he measured strength decreases with increasing time to failure. Some important properties of glass fibres are given below in Table VI: Glass fibre is extensively used in reinforced plastics (commonly known as GRP) for aircraft and aerospace; appliances and equipment; construction; consumer goods; corrosion resistant products; land transportatian; and sports and leisure items. Glass fibre is an excellent substitute for asbestos as they are non-combustible, rot resistant, highly stable and do not represent a health hazard. Glass fibre is used in both radial and bias-ply automotive tyre reinfdrcement. When it is used as a breaker or belt in bias or bias-belted construction in tyre, it provides a softer ride, greater resistance to damage, better stability and lower reinforcement cost. It performs extremely well in long distance driving. Glass is also an attractive additive to cement as it is cheap and easy to blend. Glass fibre is capable of improving the flexural strength of the composite structure. Glass reinforced cement is used in highway overlay (to provide crack-resistant surface), in architectural building panels, in roofing tiles, in drain pipes (as a replacement for steel-mesh reinforcement). It is also used as a reinforcing material for high speed roadways (Figure 17). A major breakthrough in glass fibre application came, when the material established its potential for use as optical frequency communication wave guides conveniently known as ‘optical fibre’. Optical fibres are made from extremely pure silica produced under controlled process conditions. ’They are extremely delicate and need to be handled very carefilly (Figure 18). Normally fibre optic cables are reinforced (for protection purposes) with Kevlar yarn. Glass fibres suitable for optical transmission matcrial should not have a transmission loss of more than 20 dBlkm. Optical fibres used in satellite and telecommunication syStCms arc claimed to have transmission loss less then 5 dB/krn. 5. 5 Polyethylene High technology polyethylene fibres, with exceptionally high strength and stiffhess together with unique strength-to-weight ratios are now commercially available from several companies world-wide. The process that dominates current commercial method of producing ultra-high strength and modulus uivcthvleiic fibres follows the solution spinning route. The spinning method for high technology polyethlene uses very high molecular weight polymer and the process is technically called ‘gel spinning’. The reason of calling the process gel spinning is the gel-like appearance of the filaments after spinning and cooling. The process comprises of three main stages; I. the continuous extrusion of the solution of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, II. spinning of the solution followed by gelation/crystallisation which can be done either by cooling and extraction or by evaporation of the solvent, and III. ultradrawing and removal of emaining solvent. A line diagram of the gel spinning process is given in Figure 19. Polyethylene fibre is also produced using melt spinning process. The usage of high strength and high modulus polyethylene fibre is growing rapidly, particularly in certain areas of technical textiles and also in composites. The main attributes of high technology polyethylene fibres are as follows: high strength a nd specific modulus together with high energy to break, low specific gravity, very good abrasion resistance, excellent chemical and electrical resistance, good UV resistance, and low moisture absorption, Some useful properties of both gel-spun and melt-spun high performance polyethylene fibres arc given in Table VII: An impressive combination of fibre properties contribute to the market thrust in terms of the enormous potential application areas of high performance polyethylene fibre. Some of the growing application areas include sail cloth; marine ropes and cables; protective clothing; composites e. g. sports equipment, pressure vessels, boat hulls, impact shields etc. ; concrete reinforcement; fish netting; and medical implants etc. 5. 6 PVA Polyvinyl alcohol fibre has been used in technical textiles since late 80s for its high tenacity, good dimensional stability and high resilience. However, the traditionally spun fibre never received wide acceptance in a wide range of product applications because of its strength retention in presence of water particularly at a high temperature. However, the Japanese manufacturer Kurary and Unitika have come up with high strength and high modulus gel- spun PVA fibres. Apart from its high strength and good dime. isional stability, the fibre offers good thermomechanical responses at temperatures as high as 170 °C. It also provides excellent resistance to flex fatigue and creep. Gel-spun PVA also offers high stability in the presence of water even at high temperature. The gel-spun version of PVA is quite new to the market and is being commercially tried in various products. The most promising area of gel-spun PVA appears to be in tyres for belt reinforcement and in mechnical rubber goods. Some useful properties of gel-spun PVA fibre are given in Table V III: 5. 7 Spandex fibres This is a class of synthetic elastomeric fibres (elastomeric fibres are those vhich have mechanical properties characteristic of rubber). Spandex fibres are manufactured from long-chain polymers composed of at least 85% of a :. cgmented polyurethane. The segments are based on low molecular weight polyethers or polyesters. The generic name Spandcx was given by the Federal Trade Commission of USA. Lycra was the first spandex fibre introduced in the market by Dupont Company in 1960. Today several kinds of Spandex fibres with different trade names are available in the market. The method of manufacturing spandex fibre depends on the chemical structure of the long chain molecule. Commercially melt, dry and wet spinning techniques are used. Lycra for example is known to be made by dry spinning systems. In wet spinning the reaction to complete the formation of the elastomeric fibre takes place in the coagulation bath (Figure 3). That is why this system of manufacturing spandex fiber is also known as the reaction spinning. Strength (tenacity), breaking extension, power (it is defined as the stress in the material after being held for sometime, normally 5 minutes, at an extension of 300% relative to the un stretched dimensions) and elastic recovery are the novel properties of typical spandex fibres. Some useful properties of spandex fibres are as follows: Spandex fibres have low tenacities, high extensibilities, low power requirements for large deformations and relatively low specific gravity. Spandex yams have about the same breaking extension as the natural rubber yarns but they are twice as strong. Also elastic recovery (it is defined as the recovered extension as a percentage of the imposed extension) of spandex fibres is excellent although actual recovery depends on the amount of stretch, the time for which the specimens are held in the stretched state and the time allowed for recovery. Typical elastic recovery behaviour of spandex fibres after holding specimen in extended condition for 60 seconds at ambient conditions is given below: Spandex fibres are extensively used in sports and leisure garirients, foundation garments, support hose etc. 5. 8 Fluorine-containing fibre The only important fibre in this category is made ofpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) introduced in the market by the Dupont Company under the trade name ‘Teflon’. PTFE was disco’ered by Dupont Scientist Dr Roy Plunkett shortly befare World War II. This polymer is insoluble virtually in all known solvents and, therefore, cannot be solution spun. Also the polymer has high melting point which possess serious problems to produce melt-spun fibre. The fibre is produced using a novl technique called emulsion spinning. PTFE fibres have high chemical stability, low frictional characteristics, extremely high . thermal and electrical insulating power, and veiy high melting point. PTPE provides excellent resistance to heat over an extremely useful thermal wifldow co’ering 190 °C to 260 °C. It also provides high resistance to fungus and biological agents. PTFE is also well known for its non-sticking behaviour. Apparently it is the most inert material known to man. PTFE fibres are used in highly specialised applications such as high temperature and high voltage (including a wide range of frequencies) electrical insulation, filtration medium for corrosive chemicals, packing materials for expensive items to avoid frictional damage etc. Apart from Dupont, Hoechst and ICI also produce PTFE and market them under the trade names Hostaflon (Hoechst) and Fluon (ICI). 5. PBZT and PBO These two fibres have emerged from a class of heterocylic polymers with some outstanding qualities. Chemically two fibres are poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) [PBZT] and poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) [PBO]. Both the fibres have excellent strength, stiffness, thermal, chemical and environmental stability. However, the compressive strength of these fibres is low. Some useful properties of PBZT a nd PBO fibres are as follows: Extremely high thermal and mechanical performance of these two fibres are particularly interesting for high performance structural applications. Currently the fibres are known to be produced by Dow Chemical Company of the USA. 5. 10 PBI Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was first commercialised by the Hoechst Celanese company in 1983. PBI was initially developed to be used by NASA for nonflammable space research articles. PBI has since been adopted for other applications and is used either alone or in blends with other fibres. PBI is a high regain and low modulus fibre which is very similar to cotton. It has excellent thermal stability, good insulative qualities and excellent static charge dissipation behavior. PBI fibre does not burn in air (it has limiting oxygen index above 41) nor does it melt or drip. It has good pilling, abrasion and flex resistance and good resistance to chemicals. Some useful properties of the PBI fibre are given in Table XII: Current applications of PBI fibres include racing drivers’ suits, thermal protective clothing for high intensity heat (Figure 20), hot gas filtration. It is also used to make protective equipment for utility workers exposed to electrical arc flashes, inflammable chemicals and oils etc. It is expected to make in roads into the industrial, civil aviation and fire fighting markets. 5. 11 Copolymer polyester fibre The random copolyeseters of hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxynapthoic acid have been produced commercially by Hoechst Celanese and the fibre is marketed under the trade name Vectra. The fibre is also produced under a very similar trade name Vectran by the Kurary Company of Japan. The fibre is melt spun and has a distinct fibrillar structure. Some typical properties of Vectra/Vectan fibres are given below: Vectra and Vectran resist water and assure low-creep characteristics. They provide high wear and bending fatigue resistance. These fibres can be used as ideal tension nwmhcrs to optical fibre cables, as the core for heating wires in electric carpets, in lane buoys in swimming pools (Figure 21) in high performance ropes, sporting equipment, fishing nets, protective clothing for high risk jobs etc. 5. 12 Melamine-based fibres Although melamine is considered unreactive, its symmetry and functionality make it suitable for use as a synthesis building block in condensation reactions with formaldehyde. Initially in the condensation reaction, methylol compounds are formed which then react with one another to form a three dimensional structure of methylene ether and methylene bridges. The resulting network gives a material that can be extruded into fibres. This melamine-based fibre is available in various forms but the most successful fibre in this category is marketed by BASF and is commercially called Basofil. Most melamine-based fibres have high heat stability, high solvent resistance, low flammability and good abrasion resistance. The important characteristics of Basofil fibre are its high Limiting Oxygen Index (LOl), low thermal conductivity, good chemical, hydrolysi and ultraviolet resistance with very little hot air shrinkage. Some useful properties of Basofil fibres are as follows: 5. 13 Miscellaneous fibres The above fibres mentioned under different categories are by no means form an exclusive list of fibres used for technical textiles. New developments such as gel-spun polyacrylonitrile, ceramics, alumina/carbon composite and metal fibres are being successfully used in many technical textile applications. Very specialized materials such as certain types of polyetherimide fibres (already used for hot gas filtration, structural reinforcement etc. ), polyoxadiazole fibres (already used in protective clothing etc. ), polyphenylene suiphide, poly (p-xytylene) polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fibers etc. are being successfully implemented in new product developments. More information on some of the above flhres is avaiiabe in author’s article on high-performance fibre. The last thirty years have seen the emergence of a number of commercially- successful high-technology fibres. In spite of the high production costs, the high-technology fibre industry has seen phenomenal growth over the last few years. Both the manufacturing and the consumption of many high- technology fibres are still virtually confined to Western Europe, America and Japan. With regard to volume consumption, aramids and glass fibres icad the high-technology or speciality fibres table. In spite of the high price of aramid fibres, a phenomenal growth of this fibre in protective clothing (bullet. roof vests, clothing for high-risk jobs and sports) and other technical applications, has shown the significance and need for new materials for many technical textiles. 6 FINAL REMARKS In production and usage ofhigh technology fibres, each material has its own outstanding qualities and defects. Although the ‘fast-pace’, ‘high-quality’ and ‘high-tech’ lifestyle of today’s customers encourage demands for new and improved fibres for high-quality technical tex tiles but economical new high technology fibres with excellent mechanical and other tailor-made special properties are unlikely to appear in the market in the near future. Therefore, market of technical textiles is to be driven by available high technology fibres with fine-tuning of properties and appropriate application of finishes for enhanced performance. REFERENCES 1. S. K. Mukhopadhyay, ‘High-Performance Fibres’, Textile Progress, Vol. 25, No. 3/4,1993. 2. J. E. Mcintyre and P. Daniels (Editors), Textile Terms and Definitions, I 0† edition, 1995, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 13K. 3. S. K. Mukhopadhyay, Textile Horizons, June 1992. 4. S. K. Mukhopadhyay, Modus, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1996 5. i. F. Mcintyre. Conference Proceedings innovative Technoluges in industrial textiles, textile institute, February 1990 nd (‘omposiws. L lIST, Manchester, 1985. 7. M. Grayson, (Editor), Encyclopedia of Textiles, Fibres andNonwoven Fabrics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984. 8. Meredith, R. , Elastomeric Fibres, Merrow Publishing Company, 1971. 9. F. W. Billmeyer, Jr. , Text bookof Polymer Science, John Wiley and Sons,New York, 1971. 10. J. F. Ford, Textiles, Vol. 17,No. 1,1988.

If You Can Keep Your Head…

If You Can Keep Your Head†¦ If You Can Keep Your Head If You Can Keep Your Head By Maeve Maddox Back when I was an eighth-grader, children were required to memorize poems. I can still recite much of If by Kipling. The poem begins If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you But make allowance for their doubting too, and ends If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,†¨ Or walk with kingsnor lose the common touch,†¨ If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;†¨ If all men count with you, but none too much,†¨ If you can fill the unforgiving minute†¨With sixty seconds worth of distance run,†¨ Yours is the Earth and everything thats in it,†¨ Andwhich is moreyoull be a Man, my son! I recall really liking that one. Back then, girls just translated the gendered stuff internally and applied the masculine virtues to themselves. If you can keep your head. Have you ever noticed how many idioms and expressions make use of the word head? (One of our Forum members, Heaven, got me started on this.) Head as a Noun As a noun, head can mean: foam on a glass of beer This meaning existed as early as 1545. water closet on a ship from 1748, based on location of crew toilet in the bow (or head) of a ship leader of a tribe or other collection of people source of a river (head waters) upper end of a bed business end of an arrow, spear, ax part of a boil or pimple that is ready to burst (Things come to a head and then break loose.) obverse of a coin (tails is the reverse of a coin) one person/animal as in head count and twenty head of cattle top part of grain Ex. a head of corn, a head of wheat Head as a Verb to set ones course: Ex. We headed for home. (originally a nautical term) to have authority over: Ex. He heads a giant corporation. Head in combination with other elements header a dive headfirst into a pool header information typed at the top of a page headfirst -head foremost headstrong (1398) stubborn, determined to have ones way headquarters (1647) where military (or other) leaders have their offices headroom (1851) space above the head, as in a train. headphone This modern sounding coinage was first noted in 1914. headlight (1861) Before there were automobiles, trains and ships needed lights in front. headmaster/headmistress head teacher behead execute by chopping off the head NOTE: to decapitate is to chop off someones head. It derives from caput, Latin for head. Capital punishment was originally decapitation. A state capital is the states head or chief city. The word chief, while were at it, also means head. It comes into English from French. It came into French from, you guessed it, Latin caput. Then there are the idioms: Keep your head. Remain calm in stressful circumstances. Lose your head. Lose control because of some overpowering emotion. have a level head able to remain calm and exercise good judgment Get a head start. Begin before other participants. Give him his head. Let him do as he pleases. (from horseback riding) Hes in over his head. He is involved in some activity which he is unable to deal with. The image is that of drowning. Ive only scratched the surface, but if I dont quit citing examples of head idioms, Ill go out of my head. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf Of5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Analysis of TOGAF to either DoDAF or FEAF Research Paper

Analysis of TOGAF to either DoDAF or FEAF - Research Paper Example These components are further implemented by the various widely used EA frameworks in organizations among which FEAF, TOGAF and ZACHMAN are prime examples (Bente, Bombosch & Langade, 2012). This study deals with the analysis of two vital EA frameworks i.e. FEAF and TOGAF. Similarity amid FEAF and TOGAF Both The Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGAF) and the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) frameworks are framed with the intention to enhance the architectural efficiency of companies which would further enable efficient execution of organizational strategies. Another similarity between the two frameworks is that both of them share common EA features and terms within each other. Application of these two frameworks with certain similar concepts of EA will further ensure that there is an agreement among the decision makers in any business organization with regard to dealing with the objectives, requirements as well as processes of the business with the help of advanced technologies. Additionally, these similar EA features in the two frameworks would further assure that decisions related to the investments on technology in any business are taken efficiently. It has been noted that inefficient decision making in this aspect is viewed to harm various the objectives and priorities of organizations (TCRP, 2011). Furthermore, it has also been noted that both FEAF and TOGAF ascribed similar guidance in terms of architectural viewpoints. This aspect further addresses that both the frameworks provide similar directions to the organizations with regard to structuring their enterprise architecture (The Open Group, 2007). Moreover, it has also been analyzed that the rows of the FEAF framework more or less correlate with the rows of the matrix of the TOGAF framework. This similarity between the two frameworks further depicts that both are intended towards dividing architectural description into various crucial layers which are documented in the later stage in a more simplified manner (The Open Group, 2013). Difference between FEAF and TOGAF From the above analysis, it is apparent that both the frameworks i.e. FEAF and TOGAF share certain common features as well as targets between each other. However, it would also be vital to mention that both the frameworks (i.e. FEAF and TOGAF) are developed with diverse intentions which further depict certain inherent changes in their process of working, their ability to ascertain effective results along with their process of implementation among others. Contextually, one of the primary differences between the two frameworks is the aspect that both are controlled by different operators. The Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGAF) is operated under the framework of Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DODAF) while the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) is developed by the Chief Information Officers (CIO) in the United States Federal Council. This difference in operational owne rship can be vindicated from the fact that FEAF is developed by the US Federal Council which maintains as well as facilitates incorporated systems of architectures within the federal agency. On the other hand, TOGAF focuses on ascertaining good and simplified principles instead of offering a set of complex architecture principles within diverse business units. Additionally, it has